What is?Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease of the endocrine group.In all patients, improper glucose absorption occurs, leading to hormone insulin deficiency, which can be relative or absolute.
What should food be?A balanced diet, including a large number of fruits and vegetables, full grains, low protein and healthy fat, can help people with diabetes control blood sugar levels.
The general power rules for diabetes
Today, the occurrence of diabetes is one of the most urgent problems in medicine.Statistics show that since 2013 the number of diagnosed patients has doubled.Currently, more than 425 million people suffer him.That prediction, unfortunately, sadly.It is possible that after 10-12 years the number of patients in the world will be 629 million.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease of the endocrine group.In all patients, improper glucose absorption occurs, leading to hormone insulin deficiency, which can be relative or absolute.
As a result, patients develop hyperglycemia, which is characterized by persistent high blood glucose.Diabetes mellitus leads to violations of each type of metabolism, namely carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals and water salts.
It should be noted for the cause of the disease.When a person experiences destruction or pancreatic cells, type 1 diabetes mellitus begins to progress.Often, in such cases, absolute insulin deficiency occurs.Genetics can also play a role here, as well as a variety of external factors - food habits, viral diseases, violations of hygiene principles, etc.
With the second type of diabetes, insulin resistance develops.In this type, insulin deficiency is relative.It is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia.
Regardless of the type of disease, all patients have increased blood sugar.Cells have no carbohydrates because of their durability against glucose.That is, glucose, instead of getting into the cage, just swimming in the blood.
Each patient with diabetes must adhere to the diet prescribed by the attending physician.Patients should reduce the carbohydrate load by 5-7 %, the amount of fat used should be increased.
Not long ago, the power supply for diabetes meant a complete exception of simple carbohydrates.But today, the patient's diet is arranged individually, calculated by kbzhu.From diabetics yourself, you can often hear the following phrases: "With diabetes, there is no strict ban, there is only a healthy lifestyle."
The basis for diet is a glycemic index that shows sugar suction rate.
The high glycemic index has simple carbohydrate content.These include sugar -gula, jam, cookies, and others.That is, the sugar is absorbed from them quickly.Croats, vegetables and fruits have low indexes, respectively, suction rates when they use it decreases.This allows the pancreas easier to overcome the load.
Important:The patient's diet should include products, glycemic indexes below 55. Their separation occurs gradually, and practical blood sugar levels do not rise.
Each product has its own insulin index.This indicator shows how much insulin will be increased after eating.Values must be taken into account by each patient with diabetes to predict the body's reaction to the use of certain foods, as well as properly calculate the dose of insulin as a drug, short and prolonged.The injection of the drug is prescribed by the doctor after a meal.
In fact, the patient is eaten, food under any circumstances will come to the release of insulin.The development of insulin resistance is often determined by the number of "insulin cradles".The more, the higher the probability of resistance.The latter, in turn, leads to the development of type 2 diabetes. Let us give an example.
Many of us tend to believe that dairy and dairy products, such as cottage cheese, kefir, yogurt, are perfect snacks.In fact, all of these products have a very high insulin index.Thus, their use forced a swing that leads to changes in the patient's emotional background, bad mood and irritation.
Below we will analyze the basics of nutrition for diabetes.
Diet for type 1 diabetes
Proper balanced diet in type 1 diabetes opens the following possibilities: to reduce the risk of stroke, heart attack and complications, maintain normal levels of blood glucose, improve the immune system protection mechanism, and lose excess weight.Subject to the diet recommended by the attending physician, the patient will feel good.
The main rule is to control the level of glucose in the blood, it should vary in the range between 3.5 and 5.5 mmol/l.The basic principles of nutrition are as follows:
- More than 2 thousand kilocalories cannot be eaten daily.
- Breakdown power, in small portions.At least 5 times a day.
- There should be pure sucrose in the diet, this will maintain a normal glucose level.
- Most carbohydrates must be in the first half of the day.
- Abstinence from late meals.
- The maximum exception of the simple carbohydrates contained in baking, jam, sugar -gula, and honey.
- Using Sokrin.Stevia is perfect here.It is important to give priority to products with natural composition.
- Build insulin therapy graphs under food time.Prolonged drugs are administered before eating, short medications - after.
- Maintain accounting of bread units.The value of each reception should not be higher than 8 units of bread.
If the patient has a history of gastrointestinal tract disease, it should be excluded from his diet, smoke, fatty (including Bulon), coffee, soda, alcohol, mushrooms, canned products.In other words, one cannot use what contributes to excess enzyme secretion, as it affects the speed of carbohydrate absorption.
For diabetics, the product is divided into allowed and prohibited.The classification below must be taken into account when organizing a weekly menu.A competent approach will normalize glucose levels in the blood.Ignoring a nutritionist's suggestions can lead to sad consequences.
Products Continue for Diabetes Type 1:
- Baking is provided without yeast.For example, lavash.
- Berries and fruits.For example, plums, cherries, citrus fruits, apples, pears.
- Soy products (tofu, milk).
- Cereals and cereals (barley, oats, buckwheat).
- Vegetarian soup, including soup.
- Drinks, including bad mineral water -scarbon, mousses from berries, sugar -free compoters.
- Vegetables.For example, onions, zucchini, pepper, beet, carrots.
- Peanuts.
- Nick -Copy, sugar -free tea.
Products forbidden for Diabetes Type 1:
- Fat soup and soup.
- Pasta.
- Bakery.
- Conflict.
- Sugar -Chocolate and chocolate.
- Fast food dishes, half -finished products.
- Alcohol.Special prohibition is red dessert wine.
- Isolated, sharp, very salty.
- Fatty meat, especially pigs, goats, ducks.
- Fat fish.For example, macarel.
It is important that the products in the diet have a minimum level of processing during their preparation.
It is advisable to eat vegetables and raw fruits, but in boiled, boiled or roasted -it is also allowed.Fried foods are not recommended by doctors.
If the patient plays sports, then during the intense load, food can be adjusted, as training leads to greater use of carbohydrates.
To prevent hyperglycemic coma, patients in their diet are recommended to include vegetable products, which reduce blood glucose.It can, for example, boil blueberry or rosehip tea.
Important:In the presence of the disease, the patient should adhere to the individual diet prescribed by the attending physicians, and not the general recommendation.If in patients with insulin, the body mass index shows obesity, daily calories should be from 1200 to 1400 kcal.If there is no need for weight correction, daily calorie rates increase.
Diabetes Diabetes Type 2
The power supply for type 2 diabetes is based on the following base:
- Sugar -Substitutes are an alternative to fine carbohydrates.
- Protein should be 20 %of the diet, fat - 30 %, carbohydrates - 50 %.
- The use of animal fat should be reduced to 50 %.
The daily calorie rate depends on how much energy the patient spends during the day, as well as his weight.It is necessary that during the day there are 5 servings, cooked dishes either steamed or served in boiled form.
Because diabetes patients have increased kidney sensitivity, you should not be too much with protein products.Diet must include products that help improve fat metabolism.These include brakes, rosehips, vegetable oils, cereals, milk products.
To understand how effective the diet is, the patient is prescribed a test for blood sugar with a certain frequency.The first fence of blood is made on an empty stomach, then within two hours.If the results are different from the normal indicator, the doctor adjusts the patient's diet, and also changes the dose of the drug.
The power supply for type 2 diabetes is not much different from the food habits of people who adhere to a healthy lifestyle.Both of them and others feed on small, but often.The number of foods recommended daily is 5, they include 3 main foods, each equal to 5-8 units of bread, and 2 snacks equals 1-2 units of bread.
You cannot ignore breakfast, very important for rational food.It should eat for at least 4 hours, the last meal is not later than one and a half hours before bed.Following the above suggestions are the prevention of excellent cardiovascular system disease, eye lesions (retinopathy), kidney (nephropathy), and nervous system (neuropathy).
Products useful for diabetes mellitus
Ginger
Ginger has a positive effect on metabolism, it normalizes the patient's blood glucose indication, and increases blood clotting.It is advisable to use it daily.
The whole seeds
Products such as cereal bread, cinema and brown rice inhibit the development of diabetes.Normalization of glucose levels in the blood as its use can be explained by sufficient amounts in their fiber composition.Because the whole grain makes a barrier to jumping sugar, with a special desire to eat something with a high glycemic index, you must add complex carbohydrates to the dish.
Cinnamon
Cinnamon helps increase cell sensitivity to insulin.This spice participates in the level of insulin level.In addition, it normalizes blood pressure, so it is recommended to use it not only for diabetics, but also for hypertension.
Citrus
Any citrus fruit has antioxidants.They also normalize insulin levels.
Bean
Peanuts contain large amounts of fat and magnesium mono.Statistics show that diabetic patients who eat nuts often experience less than other glucose jumps.
Olive oil
The use of olive oil is an excellent prevention of cardiovascular system disease.In addition, the product regulates glucose levels in the blood.
Fish
Fish is an omega-3 source.These fatty acids should be a compulsory nutritional component in diabetes.They synthesize red blood cells, as well as cell membranes, positively affecting the absorption of vitamins and minerals with the body, reducing inflammation and preventing the development of insulin resistance.
Nut
Cruelty is another stabilizer of glucose levels in the patient's blood.They do not have saturated fat that damages the cardiovascular system.
Vegetable -Service of green sheet
Salad leaves, spinach, all kinds of cabbage are the basis of diabetes diet.Such products are low -calories, but at the same time they contain a useful amount of material.The latter includes vitamin C, beta-carotene and magnesium.These elements prevent the development of type 2 diabetes by 14 %.Recommended dose - 106 grams daily.
Products forbidden for diabetes mellitus
Today, doctors are of the opinion that there is no need to limit patients with a diet.Patients are able to eat delicious and varied, but there are some products that are still recommended to refrain, not only with diabetics, but also to all healthy lifestyle supporters.
Some of the fruits
Some fruits and dried fruits trigger an increase in blood glucose.These include dried apricots, dates, figs, raisins, persimmon, watermelon, grapes, bananas.
Transfinery
Transfiners are rich in dishes from the fast food menu, as well as margarine, sugars.They harm not only health, but also numbers.
Half -finished product
The semi -final product is provided using additional materials such as seasoning, stabilizers, flavor amplifiers.It is mainly not recommended to buy wood, cut, meatballs, sausages, dumplings and sausages in the store.If you really want to, it's best to cook it yourself.
Fat food
Fat foods cause blood sugar.The power supply for diabetes should not include ducks, pork, goat, pork fat, mayonnaise and fat dairy products.
Bakery
Asso baking should also be excluded.It includes bread products, muffins and cookies.
Sweet
It is necessary to leave sugar in pure form, as well as from products that contain it in large quantities.Under the ban: ice cream, milk chocolate, marmalade, halva, jam, jam and other sugars.
Table No.9 for diabetes
In the first quarter of the twentieth century, 15 diets for diabetics and patients with other diseases were developed.Their author belongs to well -known nutrition.Although today the system is out of date, it does not lose its effectiveness, so today many doctors still use it.
Place for Type 2 diabetes patients is in Table 9. Table No.9 Based on the same principles applied today: partial or complete rejection of fast carbohydrates, special attention to protein and fiber.
Diet can still be used, although it was created more than 100 years ago, but endocrinologists make their own adjustments, depending on the patient's condition.
Diet for pregnancy diabetes
Gestational diabetes is a result of the pancreatic damage to pregnant women.As a rule, this situation is easy to control.The main rule is to eat rationally.
- Do not eat sugar, cakes, pastries, baked goods, fruits with high sugar content, as well as sweeteners and products that contain them.
- Bzhu should have the following proportions - 30%, 20%, 50%.
- It should drink 1.5 to 2 liters of clean drinking water daily.
- Includes starchy foods in your diet, including cereals, legumes, sweet potatoes, beets, carrots, and milk products.
- Fresh fruit is ideal for snacks.
- The amount of food is 5, of which 3 main foods and 2.
- Do not ignore the use of complex vitamins for pregnant women.
- To reduce sugar, drink decoctions from growing -growth: celery, linden, lilacs, blueberries and nuts.
- Reject or limit caffeine in the diet.The number of parts of tea and coffee should not exceed 2 daily.
Diabetes mellitus on children
The main cause of diabetes development in children is hereditary tendency or lack of rational nutrition.In the second case, we talk about the abuse of simple and sweet carbohydrates.In some cases, diabetes in children arise from mental or physical trauma.Treatment is individually selected depending on the severity of the disease, the main role is played by nutrition and the introduction of insulin, if we talk about type 1 diabetes.
Child nutrition in diabetes must include vegetables: cabbage, onions, spinach and garlic.There are fruits, but only that contain minimum amount of sugar.Low meat, chicken and fish are also allowed.Dairy products - provided, provided they have a low percentage of fat content.The allowed spices that increase the absorption of protein is acceptable.
Conflicts and Fruits - Sweetness - Under strict restrictions.Rice is also recommended to be excluded.
Attending a doctor teaching their parents to calculate the number of bread units and insulin doses.Important: the sooner the child learns to do this, the better.
Alcohol for diabetes
It is recommended to limit alcohol strictly if you cannot stop drinking completely.How much alcohol a diabetic patient is able to drink is determined by the attending physician.
Alcohol in small quantities is good, but there are a few things to keep in mind.
The stronger the alcohol, the more calories it contains.There are 710 kilocalories per 100 grams of pure alcohol, and this is no less than fat.Any alcoholic beverages also have energy value and contain carbohydrates.A glass of beer is about 200 kilocalories, and a glass of wine is about 100.
Why not recommend drinking alcohol?The problem is that it causes sugar spike and can cause hypoglycemia, which is a sudden decrease in glucose levels.When drinking alcohol, alcohol enters the liver, the organs spend energy to break the alcohol molecule and forget that it also needs to release glucose.To prevent this from happening, it is best to take alcohol during meals or immediately after eating.
In this way, some scientists think that alcohol in reasonable quantities is not only harmful, but also has little benefits for type 2 diabetes patients.
It is important to remember that alcohol causes an increase in glucose levels, and its regular use can lead to the development of type 2 diabetes.
In addition, many drugs cannot be combined with alcohol.This includes insulin and sulfonylureas.This combination can cause severe hyperglycemia.
How to drink alcohol for people suffering from diabetes?
- Calculate calories in alcohol along with your regular diet.
- Choose low calorie drinks.
- Don't drink an empty stomach.
- Snacks on alcohol.
- Monitor your blood glucose level.
- In a company where you drink alcohol, warn of your illness.Let people be prepared to provide emergency assistance if necessary.
- Do not mix alcohol and medicine.